A.
Young tissues / meristem
• Apical
Meristem
Apical
meristem is at the root tip and the shoot buds, producing cells for the plant
to grow lengthwise. Elongation is also called primary growth, allowing the
roots to make fabric in the soil and shoots to improve presentation of sunlight
and carbon dioxide.
o
Growth of Primary Roots
Term
growth will be concentrated near the root tip, which is located 3 zone cells
with successive stages of primary growth. From the root tip towards the top,
there is a zone of cell division, elongation zone and maturation zone.
o
Growth of Primary Branch
Apical
meristem of a shoot is a dome-shaped mass of cells that divide at the end of
the terminal bud.
• Lateral
Meristem
Two
lateral meristem function in secondary growth of vascular cambium, which
produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem, and cambium cork.
o
Secondary Stem Growth
Vascular
cambium is a cylinder composed of meristematic cells that form secondary
vascular tissues. During secondary growth, the epidermis produced by primary
growth will peel, dry, and fall from the stem. The skin will be replaced by new
protective tissues produced by the cork cambium,
o Secondary Growth of Roots
o Secondary Growth of Roots
Both
the lateral meristem, ie the vascular cambium and cork cambium also develops
and produces secondary growth in roots. Vascular cambium is formed in the Stele
and produce secondary xylem towards the inside and secondary phloem towards the
outside. After the Stele diameter grows larger, the cortex and epidermis broken
and loose.
• Interkalar
Meristem
Meristem
is located between the primary meristem tissue and adult tissue. Interkalar
meristem cell growth causes the stem length more quickly, before the growth
rate
B.
Jaringan
dewasa
1.
Basic tissue (parenchymal)
Parenchymal
tissue
Parenchymal tissue is called the basic network because many found almost in every part of plants, such as pith, cortex of roots and stems, leaf mesophyll, endosperm of seeds, fruits fleshy, core radius, and also contained as constituent elements of xylem and phloem, both primary and secondary.
• The characteristics of parenchymal tissue
~ Generally, large cells and thin-walled.
~ Cell was alive and contain chloroplasts.
~ Contains a lot of cavities between cells.
~ Contains many vacuoles.
~ Location of meeting tidal cell (rarely).
• Forms of parenchymal tissue
~ Jarinngan palisade parenchyma, has a round shape elongated / oval such as poles or fence rows and in the palisade parenchyma cells have chlorophyll.
~ Network parenchymal sponges, have a space between the cavity is very large and irregular, the sponges contained small amounts of chlorophyll (unlike a palisade).
~ Network star parenchyma (aktinemkim), has a shape like a star because pentagonal dangling.
~ Network parenchymal folds, found in pine and rice, which forms denngan berllipat inward as well as many contain chloroplasts.
• The function of parenchymal tissue
~ Parenchymal assimilation
There on the green parts of the plant. In his cell there in chloroplasts which plays an important role in the process of photosynthesis. On the assimilation parenchyma tissue forms that dominate there are two kinds, namely forms such as pillars, called tissue pillars and form spongy tissue called sponges. On the pine needle-like leaves are reduced, the assimilation parenchyma walls are folded inward folds called the parenchyma.
~ Parenchymal air
Large inter-cell space, round the constituent cells as a means of flotation in the water. For example parenchyma on water hyacinth petiole, the cells formed branched fingers or a star. Tues functioning parenchymal air store called aerenkim.
~ Parenchymal hoarders
Parenchymal cells contain food reserves contained in the pith of the stem, root tuber, bulb, rhizome root (rhizome), or seeds, etc..
~ Parenchymal water
Cells filled with water, to defend itself against drought
~ Parenchymal carrier
There on the carrier network. In this network parenchymal wall can undergo secondary thickening.
Parenchymal tissue is called the basic network because many found almost in every part of plants, such as pith, cortex of roots and stems, leaf mesophyll, endosperm of seeds, fruits fleshy, core radius, and also contained as constituent elements of xylem and phloem, both primary and secondary.
• The characteristics of parenchymal tissue
~ Generally, large cells and thin-walled.
~ Cell was alive and contain chloroplasts.
~ Contains a lot of cavities between cells.
~ Contains many vacuoles.
~ Location of meeting tidal cell (rarely).
• Forms of parenchymal tissue
~ Jarinngan palisade parenchyma, has a round shape elongated / oval such as poles or fence rows and in the palisade parenchyma cells have chlorophyll.
~ Network parenchymal sponges, have a space between the cavity is very large and irregular, the sponges contained small amounts of chlorophyll (unlike a palisade).
~ Network star parenchyma (aktinemkim), has a shape like a star because pentagonal dangling.
~ Network parenchymal folds, found in pine and rice, which forms denngan berllipat inward as well as many contain chloroplasts.
• The function of parenchymal tissue
~ Parenchymal assimilation
There on the green parts of the plant. In his cell there in chloroplasts which plays an important role in the process of photosynthesis. On the assimilation parenchyma tissue forms that dominate there are two kinds, namely forms such as pillars, called tissue pillars and form spongy tissue called sponges. On the pine needle-like leaves are reduced, the assimilation parenchyma walls are folded inward folds called the parenchyma.
~ Parenchymal air
Large inter-cell space, round the constituent cells as a means of flotation in the water. For example parenchyma on water hyacinth petiole, the cells formed branched fingers or a star. Tues functioning parenchymal air store called aerenkim.
~ Parenchymal hoarders
Parenchymal cells contain food reserves contained in the pith of the stem, root tuber, bulb, rhizome root (rhizome), or seeds, etc..
~ Parenchymal water
Cells filled with water, to defend itself against drought
~ Parenchymal carrier
There on the carrier network. In this network parenchymal wall can undergo secondary thickening.
2.
Brace
tissue
To
strengthen his body, plants require Brace tissue, there are two kinds of brace tissue, namely:
· Kolenkim
Characteristic of kolenkim:
a. The
cells are alive.
b. Thin-walled,
because the cells retain kolenkim active protoplasts that can eliminate the
thickening of the wall when the cell is stimulated to divide.
c. The
walls contain cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose
.
d. Soft,
pliable not have lignin. But in old
plants, the cell wall harden and has lignin also turn into sklerenkim.
e. Thickening
wall is not evenly.
f. There
is at the active plant, usually there directly below the epidermis.
g. Is
plastic (clay)
Based
on the ways thickening kolenkim cells, known to some type kolenkim:
a. Angle
Kolenkim (angular)
Thickening extends to the corner of the cell.
b. Plate
/ board Kolenkim ( lamellar)
Thickening occurs in
the tangential wall, which is part of the wall parallel to the surface of the
organ.
c. Kolenkim
tubular ( lakunar)
Thickening
occurs in the cell that limit the space between cells or between two adjacent
cells.
· Sklerenkim
Characteristics of sklerenkim :
a. The
cells are a dead.
b. Strong
and rigid walls because it contains lignin.
c. There
is at the adult plant.
d. Wall
thickness, because the more defensive sklerenkim cell wall and can not be
immediately eliminated, although the protoplasts are still there. However, most
cells lose the protoplast sklerenkim as
an adult.
e. Elastic
f. Thickening
wall is evenly.
Kinds
of sklerenkim :
a. Sklereid
Sklereid
often called stone cells, because the walls are hard. Size and shape vary.
There is a group, or stand alone.In the body of plants, sklereid contained in
the carrier file, parenchymal cells, cortical stem, petiole, leaf meat, roots,
fruits and seeds.
b. Serat
(serabut)
Most
fiber is a long element with the tip of the pointed, narrow lumen and thick
secondary wall. Fibers found in the xylem cells or phloem, or is a layer and is
associated with the carrier file.
Fiber
can be divided into two, namely hard fibers and soft fiber. Hard
fiber have the woody walls because of ligneous plants are
generally produced by monocots. While soft fiber is not always contain
lignin, is flexible and supple, produced by the dicotyledonous plants.
3.
Protective
Tissues
Epidermis
tissue
The epidermis is the cell layers that are most out of the primary plant equipment, such as: roots, stems, for modern, flowers, fruits, and seeds. In this case beberpa botanist has been suggested as follows:
• ALLEN, epidermis in the "root" is called as rhizoderma or epiblem;
• SCHMIDT, epidermis in the "trunk" is derived from the outermost cell layer of the apical meristem; at tunica area.
• HANSTEIN, epidermal layers on the trunk that originated from a single cell layer called dermatogen;
• HABERLANDT, the epidermis is derived from primordial epidermis (epidermis or will be known by protoderm), the origin of initial cells separate.
Epidermal cells derived from primary meristem cells. Location of epidermal cells tightly so that no spaces between cells (non-inter-cellular spaces). There are a few protoplasts were attached to the walls of his cell, indicating epidermal cells are still alive. Vakuola which of these are in the middle, fluid-filled cells can also be colored or colorless. Plastids are usually absent in epidermal cells, epidermal cells have leukoplas, tiny. Chloroplasts are usually present in epidermal cells and used as servants in carrying out the process of photosynthesis.
Thickening, thickening of the epidermal cell wall (thickening of the secondary-thickening), consist of cellulose tangible as the lines of (lamella). On the opposite cell wall thickening was not only accompanied by substance kutin cuticle is also located on the cell membrane. Cuticle any artifacts on the cover cells of the stomata. Stomata are holes located in the epidermis of each limited by two "guard cells" (cells cover). Trichomata (hairs) is derived from the epidermis which form, structure, and function varies. Order trichomata distinguish between unicellular and multicelluler. Epidermal layers are divided into uniseriate epidermis and hypodermic.
The epidermis is the cell layers that are most out of the primary plant equipment, such as: roots, stems, for modern, flowers, fruits, and seeds. In this case beberpa botanist has been suggested as follows:
• ALLEN, epidermis in the "root" is called as rhizoderma or epiblem;
• SCHMIDT, epidermis in the "trunk" is derived from the outermost cell layer of the apical meristem; at tunica area.
• HANSTEIN, epidermal layers on the trunk that originated from a single cell layer called dermatogen;
• HABERLANDT, the epidermis is derived from primordial epidermis (epidermis or will be known by protoderm), the origin of initial cells separate.
Epidermal cells derived from primary meristem cells. Location of epidermal cells tightly so that no spaces between cells (non-inter-cellular spaces). There are a few protoplasts were attached to the walls of his cell, indicating epidermal cells are still alive. Vakuola which of these are in the middle, fluid-filled cells can also be colored or colorless. Plastids are usually absent in epidermal cells, epidermal cells have leukoplas, tiny. Chloroplasts are usually present in epidermal cells and used as servants in carrying out the process of photosynthesis.
Thickening, thickening of the epidermal cell wall (thickening of the secondary-thickening), consist of cellulose tangible as the lines of (lamella). On the opposite cell wall thickening was not only accompanied by substance kutin cuticle is also located on the cell membrane. Cuticle any artifacts on the cover cells of the stomata. Stomata are holes located in the epidermis of each limited by two "guard cells" (cells cover). Trichomata (hairs) is derived from the epidermis which form, structure, and function varies. Order trichomata distinguish between unicellular and multicelluler. Epidermal layers are divided into uniseriate epidermis and hypodermic.
Cork Tissue
• Eksodermis
Formed because of the change function of the cell layers below the epidermis is lost or damaged roots. On the inner wall of his cell that contains suberin lamella-lamella.
• Endodermis
Cell layer contained in the root cell walls often bergabus. This layer is sometimes called the cortex (bark) if the inner and outer cylinders if the center
• Skin cork (periderm)
A network becomes a substitute when episermis epidermis is damaged, peeling, suffered death. Periderm divided into 3, namely: Phellogen, phellem, phelloderm.
• Eksodermis
Formed because of the change function of the cell layers below the epidermis is lost or damaged roots. On the inner wall of his cell that contains suberin lamella-lamella.
• Endodermis
Cell layer contained in the root cell walls often bergabus. This layer is sometimes called the cortex (bark) if the inner and outer cylinders if the center
• Skin cork (periderm)
A network becomes a substitute when episermis epidermis is damaged, peeling, suffered death. Periderm divided into 3, namely: Phellogen, phellem, phelloderm.
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